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The Dawn
Lois "Short Oak" Chaffee Clan Mother Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe.
Her story in her words ...
Pee Wee came to my house and asked me to come here what Willie Greene had to say. I was happy
too. I took my daughters Shiela Pacheco and Sharon Perry. I also asked my brothers their wives, and my aunt Norma.
Willie spoke of what our family could do together how we were missing something that we could
all benefit from. He asked us to come with him and Pee Wee to The King Phillip Inn in Bristol, R.I. We all said
yes we would and we did.
Pee Wee and Willie had been to a meeting in January. There had just been a few people but this
time we had to get a conference room. The crowd seemed to be larger than Paul Weeden had expected.
We all sat around a table and took a few minutes to introduce ourselfs. Even though most of
us were from the Elderkin family we were all from different parts. Paul had us state who our immediate Elderkin ancestor
was, that helped us make family connection.
That night Paul was interesting and he had his brother with him. He talked about something
I had never heard of before, Federal Recognition. This was to become a word I would here over and over again in the
course of the next year.
Paul talked about how he was given the blessing of Princess Red Wing. He intended to use that
blessing to rebuild the Royal House of Pokanoket. He said that we all would have a role to play.
There was a lot of excitement in the air and there were meetings after and between the meetings,
for the first time in a long time our family was spending time together. I was learning some things I never knew before.
I don't know if I bought into the Royal House of Pokanoket but I certianly enjoyed spending time
with my family. I also was sure that Willie and Pee Wee had there own ideas. We told Paul we would be back
and that we would spread the message.
We all became deciples of the idea of developing our heritage. But, I can't say though that we were
yet all sold on Paul Weeden. Unfortunately, for now he was the only game in town.
(to be continued next month...)
| This Generation |
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| 1 October, 1996 |
"In the Beginning..."
(The following story is a 12 part, month by month account of the events that occurred in 1996
that lead to the creation of "This Generation" of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe, as told to Michael P. Markley.)
By Cheif George "Silver Wolf" Jennings
When I was growing up everyone in our town new who we were, they would
call us Indian, mostly behind our backs. They would say Indian, almost as if we were branded, labeled no good.
they would say it as if there was something wrong with being native. Everyone spoke about us, everyone that is but
us. It was our way it was the way our parents taught us to be. We didn't speak out about who we were we just
went about our business.
Once in school we were studying Thanksgiving and my teacher, Mrs. Barquist asked
me to stand. She then began to tell the class that my ancestors were the Indians that came to feast with the Pilgrims.
She seemed to know more about me than I knew about me. She said "George is only the person I know in this class
room who is a true Native American". She spoke of the proud heritage of the Red Man.
I was proud and it felt good to have someone publicly recognize me for who I was in a way that was positive.
As I grew up we, the family, took pride in a young fighter who was
tearring up the boxing world and putting people in the seats of the Rhode Island Auditorium. His name was Willie Greene,
an Indian, and an Elderkin.
Willie's dad use to come visit my mom and dad. As things turned out
my mom and dad had stood up for Willies mom and dad when they got married. There was an old family connection.
I was young and didn't pay much attention to those things.
It seemed almost everyone I knew was family, and I certianly knew who Willie Greene was, because of all the attention
he got and the write ups in the paper. Willie
and I met then but we never got to know each other.
As life does things went by and things became what they were, many
years past. People still called us Indian and we said nothing. I suppose in a way we were honoring our elders,
but there was no satisfaction in that.
My life changed when one day after coming home from a hunting
trip my wife told me that a man named Willie Greene had stopped by the house to visit while I was away.
(continued on History page.)
In the Beginning...
(continued from Home page.)
It took a few months for Willie and I to get together. But in January of 1996
we hooked up. Willie talked about our family and heritage in a way that know one in our family had. He awakened
those same, long lost good feelings that my old teacher once stirred.
He asked me to go with him to a meeting that was taking place in Bristol, R.I.
Paul Weeden was trying to gather people to his cause of resurrecting the Pokanoket Tribe. He too spoke proudly of being
native. He talked of a bright future that we all could build together ... under his leadership.
I had never heard of Paul Weeden before, but he wasn't selling anything at that
time that I wasn't willing to buy, in time that would change. Willie and I decided we needed to take this positive
message to others in the Elderkin family.
We held our first family meeting at my house. In attendance were Anthony
Viera, Richard Elderkin, Edward Elderkin, Lois "LuLu" Chafee and a few others. The meeting was very positively
charged, Willie talked about our family history, and our future. He talked about how strong we could
be together.
I knew we had something here. I knew this was something I had to hold onto.
I liked feeling good about myself, I liked feeling good about my family. I felt a strong commitment to spreading the
word. I knew exactly what I had to do next, and Soon we would take the next step.
(to be continued next month.)
(This series of articles are written and developed by Michael P. Markley)
"This Generation"
Beginning this January the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe will
begin regular monthly rememrances of the events of 1996. They will reflect on the events that built "This Generation"
of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe.
www.seaconkewampanoagtribe.com will be there every step of the way. This January on this very front page we will feature an exclusive interview with
Chief George "Silver Wolf" Jennings.
Relive the moments that changed our lives, and added to
the lives of our children. Read the elders stories and thoughts along the road we travelled 10 short years ago.
Meet the original founders of "This Generation" and learn their personal story.
Veranus Grove Lewis
by William James Lewis
(continued from October)
As a young man Veranus began working in the Rhode Island textile
mills. His formal education had ended at the start of Junior High School. All three children went to work
in their teens because money was desperately needed at home. James, Veranus dad had lost his job a conductor after
18 years of service, just before he was to recieve a pension. "They just put him out for no reason" Veranus said.
James next job was also his last. The family
moved from Providence to Pawtucket, R.I. where James worked as a helper in a hardware store. Through the late
1920's and into the 1930's they lived in an apartment directly behind where McCoy stadium stands today.
Veranus through himself into factory work, he worked in many of
the mills in Pawtucket. The mill became his university, in which he learned many valuable skills. By the mid 1930's
he aquired a self taught Master Mechanics License.
He was known and respected by many mill owners. "I learned everything
that they would teach me, and I tried anything that they would ask me to do" Veranus stated. Often he worked closely
with college trained engineers.
The relationship Veranus had with a particular mill owner was close.
He became a family "confidant" and had the respected job of uniformed family chauffeur. In this capacity he practicly
became family, and his family was close to the owners. They took a particular interest in Veranus children.
Veranus was not just a master mechanic but was also a master dancer. As
a young single man he was always dressed in dapper fashion. He would often take the Friday night train to New York to
dance the weekend away in the "hottest" ballrooms. The "Alhambra" and the "Palladium" were his two favorites.
On one of these trips he met Doris E. Lewis who was from Newport,
R.I. She lived in New York City with her sister where she studied art at Pratt Institute. It was said that Veranus could
"cut a rug" and together they danced and romanced in New York.
Veranus and Doris married in 1935, Veronica Anne was born in
1936, and William James in 1938. Unfortunately as things sometimes do Veranus and Doris lost what they once had and
they divorced in 1941.
World War II was suddenly upon us and winning the war occupied the
country. Everyone was called upon to help with the war effort. But, people with specialty skills like Veranus
were needed by their government. The U.S. government searched the country for expert mechanics to work on a top
secret project. Veranus was about to begin one of the highlights of his life.
(continued on History page.)
Veranous
(continued from Home page.)
Veranous was moved by the government to South Bend, Indiana. He worked on
the production of the engine for the new B-17 bomber. His job was classified secret, he could not even leave
the room to go to the bathroom without permission from the F.B.I. Those years brought many memorable storys for
later retelling. One in particular memory was of his attendance of a War Bond drive. He sat across a dinner table
from Bing Crosby, Francis Langford, and Jerry Colonna.
On another occasion he recieved a $500.00 reward for finding materials that the
F.B.I. investigated and determined were deliberately tampered with by the enemy saboteurs.
In 1946 Veranous returned and to Providence and took up residents with his mother.
He had made a lot of money during his time in South Bend. He could have bought many luxuries, lived wherever he wanted.
But he chose to stay with mom and to save his money to give Veronica and William a college education.
He continued to ply his trade in the mills until the 1960's when he was appointed maintenance
manager at Hayslip Mills in Cumberland, R.I. When Veranous did give into retirement he did what so many dream, he traveled.
He said the highlight of his trips was one he took to Seattle Washington, in the
1970's. He ventured out of the city and back to his youth. Sitting in an Indian village on an island in Puget
Sound eating fresh caught salmon, that the natives had fire smoked on sticks. In his mind he was once again a young boy.
Time has past and Veranous has lost many of his contemporaries, including his brother
and sister. He continues to be involved with family and freinds. He has seven grandchildren and ten great-grandchildren.
He also remains freindly and in contact with Doris who lives today in her childhood hometown of Newport, R.I.
In 1996 he moved to Colonial Manor assisted living where to this day he is
affectionately called "The Chief". His only treat was buying Native American Jewlery. He has bought himself several
silver Indian rings, one of which he still proudly wears today. When in 1943 he was asked why he bought so much
silver Indian jewlery. He answered straight as an arrow "I guess it is in my blood".
Veranus Grove Lewis
Biography by, William Lewis
Veranus Grove Lewis, his remarkable life began in Coventry, RI where
he was born in 1904. His parents were Mary Greene of Coventry, RI and James Grove Lewis of Thompson, Ct. James
was a train conductor who traveled through Coventry. Upon meeting Mary he began to visit, and court her. They
married and lived in Coventry had three children, Gladys, Thirsford, and Verranus, the baby.
His grandmother, mary's mom, had a farm near Coventry
where Verranus worked and played . He had fond memories of the fall Harvest. They would collect thier crops
and carry them to a large market near the home of Nathanial Greene, where they were sold.
Fall harvest partys were held and attended by many Native peoples. His mom Mary worked
as domestic help in the homes around Coventry, his dad was away often on the rails. Mary's mother had much to do
in shaping his personality, character, and early development. He was quite, gentle, and a hard worker.
He spent an equal amount of time in and around his granfathers home
in on Chase Road in Thompson, Ct. Verranus clearly remembered his father pointing to the small white house in Thompson
and saying "Chase Road is your roots boy." In Thompson to Verranus noticed that many of the people were "Indian looking" people.
On top of Buck's Hill just outside of Thompson huge picnics and sleep-overs
were a common occurance. Verranus would be taken from Chase Road by Buckboard to these occasions. People would
cook over open fires and sleep in blanket tents. His most profound memory from Buck Hill though was the dancing.
Then Native drum beat the loudly and people chanted.
Stephen Lewis, Verranus grandfather and Marcus Lewis his Stephens brother
fought for the 29th Colored Volunteer Regiment in the Civil War. Both were wounded in Petersburg, Va. in 1864.
One constant in Verranus life was the select group of people he
grew up with. Both from Chase Road and grandma's farm back in Coventry, RI. The Powwows on Buck's Hill
and eventually Charlestown, RI. His fond memories of befreinding little Narragansett indian boys and chasinng little
Narragansett indian girls while holding snakes over their heads.
It was clear to Verranus that, for his mother and father, attendance
at these events and visits to numerous other indian families in Harrisville, RI were not just "parties" but, in fact a way
of life.
(continued in October on History page.)
The First Free Methodist Church of
Seekonk Massachusetts founded in 1925, brought christanity to the Elderkin clan of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe. The
founders of which, along with family in Providence, R.I. would become the roots to this generation of the Tribe.
The bringing of christanity to the "hardened sinners" of the Seekonk clan was a first step that helped draw the
Elderkin clan out and into main stream society. The following article is an out take from the 5oth Anniversary program.
Historical Sketch - A strong influence leading to
the establishment of the Seekonk church was the existence of a Free Methodist Church in Providence. The Church in Providence
was organized in 1911 by Rev. David Stanton. The church became small and was left without a Pastor from 1920-1924.
In 1924 Rev. Charles Ross was appointed district Elder of the New England District. He moved to the Rumford, R.I. and
held meetings in the home of one of the Providence Society members U.S.G. McConnell and in his own house. Rev.
Stanton a former pastor of both the Providence and Seekonk Societies tells of the establishment of the Seekonk society in
these words, "Rev. Ross also went to Seekonk, Massachusetts. God blessed the labors of brother Ross greatly at Seekonk
and many wicked, hardened sinners were blessedly saved. Naturally this revival led to the transfer of the original Providence
class to Seekonk." (continued on History page)
First Free Methodist Church
(continued from Home page)
For additional insight into the events
that took place at Seekonk the following information is needed. Rev. Ross in addition to holding services in the homes
of the Providence Free Methodists begain attending services at a mission in Rumford, Rhode Island. It was at one of
these meetings that he became acquainted with Amelia Lincoln (Ringuette). Rev. Ross was invited to visit the Lincoln
Home. Times of prayer in this home led to the evening that Amelia gave brother Ross a list of her relatives who needed
salvation. Sister Ross wife of Rev. Ross, exclaimed at seeing the list of names, "Well that is enough people to
start a church".
A tent meeting was held off of Ledge Road in the fall of
1924 in which 26 persons bowed at the alter. The tent meeting closed and services began to be held in the yard or in
the home of Amelia J. Elderkin. Et times 60 or more would be present for these services. At one time 25 or 30
of those attending were seeking the Lord. On Feb. 27, 1925 those who found salvation were united in membership and organized
as the Seekonk, Massachusetts Society of the Free Methodist Church. Those persons that had belonged to the Providence
Society were transfered to the Seekonk Society.
In 1925 Rev. Charles Ross purchaced land on the Taunton
Pike and though he was seroiusly ill he began drawing plans for a church to be constructed at this site. The Seekonk
members though of modest means were determined in prayer, in work, and sacrifice to raise up a lighthouse to spread the light
of salvation that had been brought to them.
Many of the Seekonk people were of Indian descent.
They and other Free Methodists of the New England District began to collect Indian-head nickles and Indian-head pennies to
help the new society at Seekonk. The Seekonk members gave what they could and solicited funds in their community.
The New England District churches collected funds and with all these contributions the construction of the Seekonk church
began. Before the building of the church was completed the end of Re. Charles Ross's life drew near. Members of
the church visited him on his death bed and received his last kind words. His work was done but the fruit of his
labor still remains. (to be continued...)
(The Historical Sketch of the First Free Methodist Church will be continued
on the History page of the August edition of "Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe".
Genograhic Project
Set to begin: In August
Dr. Theodore Schurr and the Genographic Project team from the University of
Pennsylvania will be presenting the "Genographic Project' to the citizens and members of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe on Wednesday
August 17,2005.
The Genographic Project is a 5 year program sponsored by the National Geographic,
IBM, and the Wyatt Family to study and trace DNA markers found in indigenous societies and the general public from around
the world.
The project devides the world up into 10 sectors and searches out secluded indigenous
populations for DNA testing. The Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe will be the first tribe tested in the North American sector.
The results of individual tests will, like a jigsaw puzzle slowly begin to fill in the pieces of Human migration
from around the world.
"Their are few greater epics than the story of our ancestors" states the Genographic
Project. "Thanks to modern genetics we are following their footsteps and charting ther migratory paths. Yet much remains
unknown." This is where you come in, this generation can make a difference. You may be the missing link. Somewhere
in your genetics, you individually, may hold the key to unlocking the mystery of your human families migration across
the planet.
In June the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe unanimously declared their resolve to
participate in the Genographic Project. "Being that that the goals and mission of the Genographic Project and the goals
and mission of the tribe are consistent" it was resolved that this program would serve the greater good of all, and should
be a acted upon as a highest priority project of the tribe.
By participating in the Genographic Project you individually or as a tribal member
will be advancing the knowledge and history of human existence on "Turtle Island". The Genographic Project believes
that "together we may learn more about who we are, where we came from, and how we relate as members of one extended family".
Your participation in the Genographic project is vital. You may volunteer
to participate on behalf of the tribe by calling the tribal office 1 (508) 336-8426 Mon. - Fri. 8-5pm or by accessing
the info on the contact page of this website.
First Free Methodist Church
(continued from July)
Many of the Seekonk people were of Indian descent. They and other Free Methodists
of the New England District began to collect Indian-head nickles and Indian-head pennies to help the new society at Seekonk.
The Seekonk members gave what they could and solicited funds in their community. The New England District churches collected
funds and with all these contributions the construction of the Seekonk Church began. Before the building of the
church was completed the end of Rev. Charles Ross's life drew near. Members of the church visited him on his death bed
and recieved his last kind words. His work was done but the fruit of his labor still remains.
At the conference of 1925 Rev. Fred Vansickle was appointed Pastor of the Seekonk
church. His work was to take the unfinished building and bring it to a usable dtate. He also constructed
a parsonage. He is to be commended for the labor of the building program and hid nurture of the beginning of the church.
His frugal use of limited means helped keep the property free of debt. The great depression followed those days of beginning.
The wisdom of being debt free soon became apparent. The church minutes in the days of depression reflect the shortage
of money even to the point of hardship but they also reflect the courage and dedication of Pastors and members to carry on
the work of God. Frogs might sing in the unfinished basement but the saints sang "Constantly Abiding" in the pews upstairs.
(continued on History page)
"We want You!!!"
"The mission of the Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe is to rediscover and develop
the culture that was once cut off from us". So take action, be a leader, stand up and add to your life that which is
rightfully yours. Only you can make things better. Your participation is what is missing, add to your life and
your childrens life the knowledge of who they are, and where they came from. Participate!!!
First Free Methodist Church
(continued from Home page.)
A succession of ministers followed from those early days to this day.
They and their families have been a blessing to the Seekonk Church. Each minister and his family added their
part in building the church of God. Each of the ministers has his name recorded elsewhere in this booklet in the roll
of ministers. Their memory and their labor is recorcorded in the hearts and minds of those that they served. Time nor
space allows for the recording of each of their efforts but they eache served in their time that present age "Their calling
to fulfill".
Rev. Harold Faulkner, now a retired minister of the New York Conference, spent
7 years as either pastor or interim Pastor of the Seekonk Church. It is very fitting that he serve as the speaker of
the 50th anniversary service of the church.
The present Pastor, Rev. Lynn Wiseman, came to serve the Seekonk Church in
the summerof 1971. He would like to make the following comments about the history of the church:
"On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Seekonk Church I would focus
our attention and commendation on those who are truelly responsible for the existence of the church at Seekonk through the
years. The laity is responsible for the on going success of the church. People bearing names such as:
Tarr. McConnell, Emory Whitman, Lane, Bassett, Minor, Armstrong, Lincoln, Chaffee, Stackhouse, Peck, Elderkin, Jennings,
Lombard, Bass, Covall, Barrett, and many others. Some of these names are lost in the obsurity of the past, some are
written in the list of deceased, some are still written as active servants of the Lord in this present age. It is these
that have made up the church. They supported the pastors, have taught the classes, have prayed miracles down from
God - miracles such as obtaining of the new Parsonage, the healing of the sick, the near retirement of indebtness and the
supply of day by day grace. It is to these that have obeyed the leadings of God, who have served and given sacrificially
that we tribute. Without them we would not have had a church for 50 years and we would not have a church today.
We must have the same spirit of faithfulness, of service, and sacrifice if the church would live on tomorrow".
This has been a reprint of an Historical Sketch as was first printed for the 50th anniversary
celebration brochure of the First Free Methodist Church. I am glad to report that "the same spirit of faithfulness,
of sevice, and scrifice" has lived on in the church at Seekonk. In May of 2000 they celebrated their 75th
anniversary.
The "tomorrow" that Rev. Lynn Wiseman spoke of some 30 years ago has come and church
services are still lead each Sunday by the faithful servants of God and the descendants of those Indians from 1925.
(be sure to take a moment to check out our genalogy page and review the living genealogy of Elder Norma
Mae Markley. Norma is pictured in the photo of original church members. She is the baby
held in her mothers arms. Center of picture.)
Massasoit supreme leader of the Wampanoag confederation, monarch of the Pokanoket
Tribe, was known to his clan as Ousamequin (Yellow Feather). Ousamequin took over the reigns of power from his father
and his father before him. Pokanoket the largest western most territory of the Wampanoag Confederation held power
in the early 1600's by the influence of the number of warriors it could muster by their call, bytheir benevelence,
and by their charasmatic nature.
Freind of the Pilgrim Massasoit helped the English settlement to survive. Thus changing the balance
of power on Turtle Island, and influencing the course human history. (continued on History
page)
Masssoit
(continued from Home page)
"Massasoit friend of the Pilgrim", this story has transended time. The story of the
Wampanoag and the Pilgrim are forever entwined. It is taught that the Pilgrim survived because
of Massasoit's benevolence. That Massasoit, made the survival of the Pilgrim a major priority of the Wampanoag.
He left Hobmuck and Squanto, two of his most trusted men to care for and help the Pilgrims,
on a daily basis. He put into their hands the mission of Pilgrim survival.
But,why? Why would the Supreme Leader of the Wampanoag want to help the Pilgrim?
Why would he expend the energy of two of his best men to help a people that were in essence univited? Possibly invaders.
The Pilgrim society would be competition for the natural resources that the Wampanoag depended on for their survival.
Why would Ousamequinn be so hospitable? Why risk the oppurtunity for culture
clash in his own home? Surely there eventualy would be difference that would effect the daily lives of the Wampanoag
people. The Wampanoag and Narragansett two peoples with a common history, culture, and simmilar language who lived side
by side for eons of time clashed regularly. Why disrupt the quality, peacefulness, and serenity of Wampanoag life?
In April of 1621 Massasoit payed a visit to the Wampanoag village of Pawtuxet.
A Wampanoag village that now housed the Pilgrims. A village the Pilgrims now called their own. Pawtuxet had been
abandoned by the Wampanoag when death fell upon its people.
In 1617-1618 a plague fell upon the "people of the first light", so massive
in nature, that 90% of the Wampanoag died. So quickly came the death that whole villages, and towns, were
abandoned before the dead could be burried. Pawtuxet became the village of death.
Squanto upon returning from captivity in Europe found his home village abandoned except
for the bodies of her once propriators. Squanto last known survivor of Pawtuxet, orphaned himself to Sowams. Sowams
was the capitol city of the Wampanoag, home of Massasoit.
That first winter the Pilgrims settled in the village of Pawtuxet. The Mayflower
survived the winter nesstled in the protected harbor. But, unfortunately more than half the Pilgrims died that
first winter, in the village of death.
On the April day of Massasoits visit the Pilgrims were decimated, unsure
of surviving, the long sail back to England or the bleak thought of another winter. Ousamequin was not sure of their
survival either but there was a need a necessity for the Pilgrim in the new world. Maybe on that day, in this place
in time, maybe only Massasoit new what that need was.
Massasoit did not have the survival interest of the Pilgrim first in mind. Ousamequin,
the Massasoit, supreme leader of the Wampanoag had first in mind the best interest of his people. He knew full
well that the survival of the Pilgrim was inexorably entwined with the survival of the Wampanoag!
(to be continued in the August edition on this very page...Balance of Power)
Michael P. Markley
History Class
Wednesday July 27, 2005 6:30pm Alperts Community Room. "Journey of Man" video will be finished,
a special presentation on genetics will be made by Megan Elias, and Updates and next months Genographic Project schedule will
be discussed. See you there:)
Prime Directives Well Underway
In January, 2005 the citizens and members of the Seaconke Wampanoag
Tribe voted unanimously to complete the original goals of the founders of this generation of the tribe. The direction laid
out by the people of the tribe has become known as the Prime Directive. The Leadership Council has been directed to
spent the majority of their time moving the tribe to the succesful completion of these goals. The Leadership Council
must begin each Monthly Meeting with a disscussion on the progress of these goals.
The two remaining goals from 1996 are 1.)Land Ownwership - the establishment
of tribal owned property. 2.)Education - the establishmentof regular and contiguous education in tribal Culture, tribal
History, and Language. This website can be concidered a tool in the completion of these goals.
Culture 101 began in April with regalure making, lead by cultural director Pat
Reis they meet on the 2nd Thursday of the month at the Rhode Island Indian Council. History classes began in May with
a study called "Times before time". The roots of humanity were traced from around the the globe that lead to the establishment
of man on the Seaconke Plain. History/genealogy director Markley leads this class and they meet every 3rd Wednesday
of the Month. Language Classes are hoped to begin in the fall.
More information can be found on the Culture and History classes by clicking
on the respective pages on this website as well as logging on to www.seaconkewampanoagtribe.net.
Special Monthly Meeting
A Special Monthly meeting will be held Wednesday June 08, 2005 6:30pm. Alperts
Furniture Showplace - Community Room. "This will be the most important meeting of the Tribe since 1996" chairperson
Markley has stated. "Issues will be disscussed and voted on that will not only effect the future of the tribe but also
the history past, present, and future of every tribal citizen".
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